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Punan Ba or Punan〔Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in ''Sarawak Museum Journal'' Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.〕 is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia. They are distinct, unrelated to the Penan and also the other so called Punan found in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living time immemorial. They do have other names: Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan. But those terms are only used ritually these days. The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days, they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing, and gathering of forest resources, are the other important factors in their economy. However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as Bintulu, Sibu, Kuching and Kuala Lumpur in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as Harvest Festival or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan. Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats. == Relation to sub-ethnic Punans == There is this popular misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe. In Sarawak, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and Penan. On the other hand, throughout the island of Borneo, the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today. As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo. These tribes include: * Punan Aoheng or Pnihing of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Aput of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Basap of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Batu of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Batu 1 of Sarawak, Malaysia * Dayak Bukat of East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Busang * Punan Habongkot * Punan Hovongan of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia * * Punan Bungan of West Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Kelay of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Lisum * Punan Merah (Siau) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Merap of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Murung of Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Nibong of Brunei and Sarawak, Malaysia * Punan Panyawung * Punan Sajau of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Tubu of East Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Uheng Kereho or Keriau of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia * Punan Ukit or Bukitan or Beketan 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Punan Bah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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